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Staphylococcus Aureus
www.StaphylococcusAureus.net
and
What is Staphylococcus Aureus?
Staphylococcus
Aureus was first discovered in Aberdeen, Scotland
in 1880 by Dr. Alexander Ogston who was a surgeon.
Every year, as many as 500,000 patients contract Staphylococcus
Aureus during their stay in America's hospitals.
Staphylococcus Aureus, also known as Staph Aureus or S. Aureus, means the "golden cluster seed" or "the seed gold." It is also
known as golden staph and is the most common cause of staph infections.
Staphylococcus Aureus is found in humans the following:
the skin flora found in the nose and on skin
the vagina - especially during menstruation and with tampon use
It has been shown that 20% of the population are long-term
carriers of Staphylococcus Aureus.
Staphylococcus Aureus can cause a range of illnesses from minor skin infections, such
as pimples, impetigo (may also be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes), boils (furuncles), cellulitis
folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome and abscesses.
Staphylococcus
Aureus has been linked to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis,
endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome (TSS), and septicemia.
Staphylococcus Aureus remains one of the five most common causes of nosocomial infections, often causing postsurgical wound
infections.
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According to the grapevine in 12-year-old Jerri's North Carolina school, tampons
not only cause AIDS, but also can be lost in a woman's body, never to be seen
again.
If you're hooked into the Internet, you may notice that tampon tales such as these get more creative as they're passed around. The latest stories claim tampons are tainted with cancer-causing toxins and that rayon tampons are especially dangerous. Another Internet rumor suggests that manufacturers add asbestos to tampons to promote excessive bleeding and boost sales.
"It can be hard to tell what stuff is true," says Jerri.
The truth is that tampons can't get lost forever in a woman's body. Rayon tampons are as safe as cotton ones. And asbestos has never had anything to do with fibers that make up tampons.
"The only way asbestos could be connected to tampons would be through tampering," says Mel Stratmeyer, Ph.D., chief of the Food and Drug Administration's health sciences branch. "And we haven't received any reports of such tampering."
FDA regulates tampons as medical devices, and "we ensure that tampon design and materials are safe through a solid, scientifically valid premarket review process," says Colin Pollard, chief of FDA's obstetrics and gynecology devices branch. Tampon manufacturers conduct a battery of safety studies, and tampons must pass through FDA review and clearance before they can be marketed.
FDA also regulates the absorbency ratings for tampons. While high levels of absorbency were initially linked to an infection called toxic shock syndrome (TSS), FDA recently proposed a rule to provide an absorbency term for 15- to 18-gram tampons (ultra absorbency) that may help women manage heavier menstrual flows.
"Tampons with this absorbency are available in other countries with very low rates of toxic shock syndrome," explains Kimber Richter, M.D., deputy director of FDA's office of device evaluation. Toxic shock syndrome is the only disease with a proven association to tampon use, according to FDA and the national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Tampon Safety and Toxic Shock Syndrome
Any fear still surrounding tampon use likely dates
from a time when toxic shock syndrome
was first identified. About half of all cases occur in
women using tampons, although the exact link between toxic shock syndrome
and tampons remains
unclear.
Tampons enjoyed a quiet history from 1933--when the first ones hit the market--until about 1980. That's when CDC noticed a sharp rise in the number of cases of toxic shock syndrome, a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by toxin-producing strains of the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. Experts believe the bacterium releases one or more toxins into the bloodstream.
Between October 1979 and May 1980, 55 toxic shock syndrome cases and seven deaths were reported. Most were among women who experienced onset of illness within a week following their periods. The TSS epidemic reached its peak in 1980 with a total of 813 cases of menstrual-related toxic shock syndrome, including 38 deaths, according to CDC.
CDC carried out national and state-based studies to pinpoint toxic shock syndrome risk factors and used its national surveillance system to track trends. Research suggested one factor was the use of very highly absorbent tampons made from new materials.
Studies showed that women who used Proctor & Gamble's Rely tampons were at substantially greater risk for TSS than other tampon users. This brand consisted of polyester foam and a special type of highly absorbent cellulose, a combination no longer used in tampons. "Toxic shock syndrome was NOT only limited to Rely tampons, but the Rely tampons did play a major role," says Pollard. Proctor & Gamble voluntarily withdrew that tampon from the market in 1980, and competing manufacturers of tampons made from other superabsorbent materials began removing them as well.
Toxic Shock Syndrome Cases Drop Dramatically
Compared with the 813 menstrual toxic shock syndrome cases in 1980, there were only three confirmed cases in 1998 and six in 1997. "Although there is some underreporting of cases, this is a real decline," says Rana Hajjeh, M.D., a medical epidemiologist with CDC's division of bacterial and mycotic diseases. She attributes the drop in toxic shock syndrome rates to the removal of Rely from the market and advances in the way FDA regulates tampon materials and absorbency. Women also are much better educated about toxic shock syndrome prevention, she says.
FDA took its first step to protect the public in 1982, when it required that all tampon labels include toxic shock syndrome warning signs. In addition, packages had to include a note that the risk of menstrual TSS can be reduced by not using tampons and by alternating tampons with sanitary napkins. FDA also required that labels advise women to use the lowest absorbency needed to control their flow. CDC studies suggested that, in general, higher tampon absorbency was related to higher toxic shock syndrome risk.
In response to CDC findings and FDA regulatory activities, manufacturers standardized and, in some cases, lowered tampon absorbency. "What's considered superabsorbent today is much less absorbent than superabsorbent tampons used in 1980," Hajjeh says. In 1980, 42 percent of tampon users used very high absorbency tampons, according to CDC. That number dropped to 18 percent by 1983 and to 1 percent by 1986.
In 1990, FDA standardized absorbency labeling, allowing women to compare absorbencies across brands. Before the regulation, super absorbency in one brand could have been the same as regular in another brand. Now, FDA's labeling requirements ensure that a Playtex junior absorbency has an absorbency range of 6 grams of fluid or under, just as an O.B. junior absorbency does.
FDA's Pollard points out that the material of the Rely tampon and its absorbency were very different from that of tampons on the market today. "FDA also has improved its premarket review process and has begun looking at additional tampon characteristics," he says. He adds that all tampon manufacturers, including those introducing new materials, report to FDA on absorbency, as well as on the safety of all components of a tampon, including the cover, string and applicator, and on the chemical composition of any fragrances and color additives.
Companies conduct clinical tests in tampon users to look for bacterial growth and adverse effects, such as allergies and ulceration, with tampon use. Through toxicological testing, manufacturers must show that the tampon will not enhance the growth of Staphylococcus aureus or increase the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin.
"This testing is ongoing for new tampon products," Richter says. "We continue to monitor tampons for safety issues."
FDA also tracks medical device problems through its MedWatch system, which allows consumers and health professionals to report adverse effects from FDA-regulated products.
Though toxic shock syndrome is rare, tampon users should still be aware of it, says Richter. "All tampons are associated with the risk of TSS, and it's important for women to know the signs," she says. "If a woman becomes ill or has any concerns at all about TSS, she should remove her tampon immediately and contact her doctor."
Today, tampon manufacturers in this country produce tampons made of rayon, cotton, or a blend of the two. Cotton is commonly referred to as "natural," while rayon is considered "synthetic." But consumers shouldn't assume that "synthetic" means bad and "natural" means safer, says Jay Gooch, Ph.D., a toxicologist and senior scientist at Proctor and Gamble. Rayon is made from cellulose fibers derived from wood pulp. "Technically speaking, rayon is synthetic, but it's more like natural cellulose than it is different," Gooch says. "There is a lot of confusion out there about what rayon is and a lot of unsupported allegations about the safety of the two fibers." Previous CDC studies have found no increased risk with rayon versus cotton for the same absorbency and brand of tampon.
Other Tampon Ingredients
John McKeegan, spokesman for Johnson and Johnson, makers of O.B. tampons, says his company tells women who call with questions about the presence of cancer-causing dioxin in tampons that the company uses elemental chlorine-free bleaching, which does not produce dioxin.
Chlorine gas, which can produce a small amount of dioxin, used to be the bleaching agent for rayon used in tampons, says Gooch. "But elemental chlorine-free bleaching uses a chlorine dioxide agent. Chlorine dioxide may sound like chlorine gas, but they are two very different things," he says. Bleaching is necessary because all fibers have impurities associated with them that will inhibit absorbency. "Bleaching cleans and purifies raw material, but it does not leave toxins," he explains. And unlike what some people think, he adds, the white color of tampons is a consequence of the purification process, not an appearance goal.
Using a method approved by the Environmental Protection Agency, major tampon manufacturers have tested their products for dioxin. Data show that dioxin levels in tampons range from undetectable to 1 part in 3 trillion, far below the level that occurs through daily environmental exposure and considerably below the level FDA believes would put consumers at risk, Stratmeyer says.
"That doesn't mean that dioxin couldn't get there from another source," he adds. "You could end up with dioxin in rayon or cotton simply because of decades of pollution." It can be found in air, water or the ground before the wood pulp or the cotton is produced. "But what we know today is that you will find more dioxin already in your body than in any tampon," he says.
Many experts say the proof of tampon safety lies in its long history. But others want more research into diseases other than toxic shock syndrome. Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-N.Y.) introduced the Tampon Safety and Research Act in 1997 and again in March 1999. The bill, which was referred to the Subcommittee on Health and Environment, proposes to provide NIH with research support to determine the extent to which dioxin, synthetic fibers, and other additives in tampons pose health risks such as cancer, endometriosis, infertility, and pelvic inflammatory disease.
But from FDA's perspective, there is no indication
right now that such research is necessary, Stratmeyer says. "We are not
aware of evidence that would call for a large-scale study on tampons' relation
to these diseases."
Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome can be hard to recognize because they mimic the flu. If you experience sudden high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, fainting, or a rash that looks like a sunburn during your period or a few days after, contact your doctor right away. Also, if you're wearing a tampon, remove it immediately. One or two weeks after initial symptoms begin, flaking and peeling of the skin occurs, mainly on the palms and soles. If your doctor determines that your symptoms are toxic shock syndrome, you will probably be sent to a hospital for treatment. With proper treatment, patients usually get well in two to three weeks.
Women under 30, especially teenagers, are at a higher risk for toxic shock syndrome, because some females that age may not yet have antibodies to the toxin. Using any kind of tampon--cotton or rayon of any absorbency--puts a woman at greater risk for toxic shock syndrome than using menstrual pads.
Absorbency--the rate at which a tampon absorbs or soaks up menstrual blood--is measured in grams of fluid. Research suggests that the risk of toxic shock syndrome may increase with tampon absorbency. But that doesn't mean you have to steer clear of higher absorbency tampons completely, according to Colin Pollard, chief of FDA's obstetrics and gynecology branch. "You should match absorbency to your flow," he says. For a lighter flow, use regular or junior absorbency. If your tampon absorbs as much as it can and has to be changed before four hours, you may want to try a higher absorbency. There's usually less need for higher absorbency when your period is ending.
When you shop, you'll find these absorbency terms and ranges on all tampon packages:
Junior absorbency: 6 grams and under
Regular absorbency: 6 to 9 grams
Super absorbency: 9 to 12 grams
Super plus absorbency: 12 to 15 grams
According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, your tampon is probably too absorbent if the tampon is hard to remove, you experience vaginal dryness, if a tampon shreds, or if it doesn't need to be changed after several hours. Vaginal dryness and ulcerations may occur when a tampon is too absorbent for your flow.
The strategy had worked for years, says Tracy, 28. She always inserted a small tampon on the morning she expected her period. But a few years ago, her period started one day late. "By the time it came, I had forgotten about the first tampon," she says. "The bleeding was so heavy that I figured I must not have had one in. So I put another one in."
All day she changed her tampon every few hours like she normally does. Then on one trip to the bathroom that night, she noticed a second string. When she finally removed the first tampon, the mild cramps she had experienced all day worsened. The pain became so intense she couldn't walk. Severe cramps and heavy bleeding ultimately landed her in the emergency room.
Putting in a tampon and forgetting about it is rare, but it does happen, says Gerald Joseph, M.D., former chairman of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the Ochsner Medical Foundation. Joseph says he sees such cases--mostly among women under 30--a few times each year. Joanne, 44, says she forgot once and didn't realize the tampon was still there until six days later when she went to her doctor complaining of foul odor and vaginal discharge.
FDA recommends the following tips to help avoid tampon problems:
Follow package directions for insertion.
Choose the lowest absorbency for your flow.
Change your tampon at least every 4 to 8 hours.
Consider alternating pads with tampons.
Know the warning signs of toxic shock syndrome.
Don't use tampons between periods.
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www.Inipads.com
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1. Name of the Organism: |
S. aureus is a spherical bacterium (coccus) which on microscopic examination appears in pairs, short chains, or bunched, grape-like clusters. These organisms are Gram-positive. Some strains are capable of producing a highly heat-stable protein toxin that causes illness in humans. |
|
2. Name of Acute Disease: |
Staphylococcal food poisoning (staphyloenterotoxicosis; staphyloenterotoxemia) is the name of the condition caused by the enterotoxins which some strains of S. aureus produce. |
|
3. Nature of the Disease: |
The onset of symptoms in staphylococcal food poisoning is usually rapid and in many cases acute, depending on individual susceptibility to the toxin, the amount of contaminated food eaten, the amount of toxin in the food ingested, and the general health of the victim. The most common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, retching, abdominal cramping, and prostration. Some individuals may not always demonstrate all the symptoms associated with the illness. In more severe cases, headache, muscle cramping, and transient changes in blood pressure and pulse rate may occur. Recovery generally takes two days, However, it us not unusual for complete recovery to take three days and sometimes longer in severe cases. Infective dose--a toxin dose of less than 1.0 microgram in contaminated food will produce symptoms of staphylococcal intoxication. This toxin level is reached when S. aureus populations exceed 100,000 per gram. |
|
4. Diagnosis of Human Illness: |
In the diagnosis of staphylococcal foodborne illness, proper interviews with the victims and gathering and analyzing epidemiologic data are essential. Incriminated foods should be collected and examined for staphylococci. The presence of relatively large numbers of enterotoxigenic staphylococci is good circumstantial evidence that the food contains toxin. The most conclusive test is the linking of an illness with a specific food or in cases where multiple vehicles exist, the detection of the toxin in the food sample(s). In cases where the food may have been treated to kill the staphylococci, as in pasteurization or heating, direct microscopic observation of the food may be an aid in the diagnosis. A number of serological methods for determining the enterotoxigenicity of S. aureus isolated from foods as well as methods for the separation and detection of toxins in foods have been developed and used successfully to aid in the diagnosis of the illness. Phage typing may also be useful when viable staphylococci can be isolated from the incriminated food, from victims, and from suspected carrier such as food handlers. |
|
5. Foods Incriminated: |
Foods that are frequently incriminated in staphylococcal food poisoning include meat and meat products; poultry and egg products; salads such as egg, tuna, chicken, potato, and macaroni; bakery products such as cream-filled pastries, cream pies, and chocolate eclairs; sandwich fillings; and milk and dairy products. Foods that require considerable handling during preparation and that are kept at slightly elevated temperatures after preparation are frequently involved in staphylococcal food poisoning. Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk, and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans, and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. This incidence is even higher for those who associate with or who come in contact with sick individuals and hospital environments. Although food handlers are usually the main source of food contamination in food poisoning outbreaks, equipment and environmental surfaces can also be sources of contamination with S. aureus. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by some strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60°C, 140°F, or above) or cold enough (7.2°C, 45°F, or below). |
|
6. Frequency of Illness: |
The true incidence of staphylococcal food poisoning is unknown for a number of reasons, including poor responses from victims during interviews with health officials; misdiagnosis of the illness, which may be symptomatically similar to other types of food poisoning (such as vomiting caused by Bacillus cereus toxin); inadequate collection of samples for laboratory analyses; and improper laboratory examination. Of the bacterial pathogens causing foodborne illnesses in the U.S. (127 outbreaks, 7,082 cases recorded in 1983), 14 outbreaks involving 1,257 cases were caused by S. aureus. These outbreaks were followed by 11 outbreaks (1,153 cases) in 1984, 14 outbreaks (421 cases) in 1985, 7 outbreaks (250 cases) in 1986 and one reported outbreak (100 cases) in 1987. |
|
7. Complications: |
Death from staphylococcal food poisoning is very rare, although such cases have occurred among the elderly, infants, and severely debilitated persons. |
|
8. Target Population: |
All people are believed to be susceptible to this type of bacterial intoxication; however, intensity of symptoms may vary. |
|
9. Analysis of Foods: |
For detecting trace amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods incriminated in food poisoning, the toxin must be separated from food constituents and concentrated before identification by specific precipitation with antiserum (antienterotoxin) as follows. Two principles are used for the purpose: (1) the selective adsorption of the enterotoxin from an extract of the food onto ion exchange resins and (2) the use of physical and chemical procedures for the selective removal of food constituents from the extract, leaving the enterotoxin(s) in solution. The use of these techniques and concentration of the resulting products (as much as possible) has made it possible to detect small amounts of enterotoxin in food. There are developed rapid methods based on monoclonal antibodies (e.g., ELISA, Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination), which are being evaluated for their efficacy in the detection of enterotoxins in food. These rapid methods can detect approximately 1.0 nanogram of toxin/g of food. |
|
10. Typical Outbreak: |
1,364 children became ill out of a total of 5,824 who had eaten lunch served at 16 elementary schools in Texas. The lunches were prepared in a central kitchen and transported to the schools by truck. Epidemiological studies revealed that 95% of the children who became ill had eaten a chicken salad. The afternoon of the day preceding the lunch, frozen chickens were boiled for 3 hours. After cooking, the chickens were deboned, cooled to room temperature with a fan, ground into small pieces, placed into l2-inch-deep aluminum pans and stored overnight in a walk-in refrigerator at 42-45°F. The following morning, the remaining ingredients of the salad were added and the mixture was blended with an electric mixer. The food was placed in thermal containers and transported to the various schools at 9:30 AM to 10:30 AM, where it was kept at room temperature until served between 11:30 AM and noon. Bacteriological examination of the chicken salad revealed the presence of large numbers of S. aureus. Contamination of the chicken probably occurred when it was deboned. The chicken was not cooled rapidly enough because it was stored in l2-inch-deep layers. Growth of the staphylococcus probably occurred also during the period when the food was kept in the warm classrooms. Prevention of this incident would have entailed screening the individuals who deboned the chicken for carriers of the staphylococcus, more rapid cooling of the chicken, and adequate refrigeration of the salad from the time of preparation to its consumption. |
|
11. Atypical Outbreaks: |
In 1989, multiple staphylococcal foodborne diseases were associated with the consumption of canned mushrooms. (CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, June 23, 1989, Vol. 38, #24.) Starkville, Mississippi. On February 13, 22 people became ill with gastroenteritis several hours after eating at a university cafeteria. Symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Nine people were hospitalized. Canned mushrooms served with omelets and hamburgers were associated with illness. No deficiencies in food handling were found. Staphylococcal enterotoxin type A was identified in a sample of implicated mushrooms from the omelet bar and in unopened cans from the same lot. Queens, New York. On February 28, 48 people became ill a median of 3 hours after eating lunch in a hospital employee cafeteria. One person was hospitalized. Canned mushrooms served at the salad bar were epidemiologically implicated. Two unopened cans of mushrooms from the same lot as the implicated can contained staphylococcal enterotoxin A. McKeesport, Pennsylvania. On April 17, 12 people became ill with gastroenteritis a median of 2 hours after eating lunch or dinner at a restaurant. Two people were hospitalized. Canned mushrooms, consumed on pizza or with a parmigiana sauce, were associated with illness. No deficiencies were found in food preparation or storage. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was found in samples of remaining mushrooms and in unopened cans from the same lot. Philipsburg, Pennsylvania. On April 22, 20 people developed illness several hours after eating food from a take-out pizzeria. Four people were hospitalized. Only pizza served with canned mushrooms was associated with illness. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was found in a sample of mushrooms from the pizzeria and in unopened cans with the same lot number. |
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
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What
is Pelvic Organ Prolapse?
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
or Pelvic Prolapse, is a very common condition, particularly among older women. It's estimated that half of women who have children will experience some form of
Pelvic Organ Prolapsee in later life. Many women, particularly because they may no longer be sexually active, and fail to continue receiving their annual pelvic exams, don't seek help from their doctor. Therefore, the actual number of women affected by
Pelvic Organ Prolapse is unknown.
Pelvic Organ Prolapse may also be called; genital
prolapse, pelvic relaxation,
pelvic prolapse, uterine prolapse, uterovaginal prolapse, pelvic floor disorder, urogenital prolapse or vaginal wall
prolapse.
What is Pelvic Prolapse?
Pelvic Prolapse
is another
term used for "Pelvic Organ Prolapse."
Pelvic Prolapse is a very common condition, particularly among older women. It's estimated that half of women who have children will experience some form of
Pelvic Organ Prolapse in later life. Many women, particularly because they may no longer be sexually active, and fail to continue receiving their annual pelvic exams, don't seek help from their doctor. Therefore, the actual number of women affected by
Pelvic Organ Prolapse is unknown.
Pelvic Prolapse may also be called; genital
prolapse, pelvic relaxation, uterine prolapse, uterovaginal prolapse, pelvic floor disorder, urogenital prolapse or vaginal wall
prolapse.
What are the symptoms that indicate a woman is suffering from Pelvic Organ Prolapse?
Loss of bladder control.
Loss of bowel control.
Increasing need and frequency to urinate - and then difficulty in completely emptying your bladder.
The feelings that your of pelvic or vaginal heaviness, bulging, fullness and/or pain, or a feeling that something is "dropping."
Recurrent bladder infections.
Excessive vaginal discharge.
Pain or lack of sensation during sex
But Pelvic
Organ Prolapse is a real, common and treatable problem. Consider this:
About half of all women over age 50 suffer from some degree of Pelvic
Organ Prolapse.
One in 10 women undergo surgery for Pelvic
Organ Prolapse by age 80.
What is a Prolapsed
Uterus?
A
Prolapsed Uterus
refers to a collapsed uterus, or descended uterus, or other change in the
position of the uterus in relation to the surrounding structures within the
pelvis. The pelvis contains many soft tissue structures vital to normal body
functions, supported primarily by the diaphragms, layers of muscles, fibrous
coverings called fasciae, and various ligaments and tendons. These soft tissues
of the pelvis derive their ultimate support from the bony pelvis.
A Prolapsed Uterus may be one of three types, depending on the severity:
• First-degree prolapse occurs when the uterus sags downward into the upper
vagina.
• Second-degree prolapse occurs when the cervix is at or near the outside of
the
vagina.
• Third-degree prolapse (sometimes referred to as total prolapse) occurs when
the entire uterus extends outside the vagina.
What is Colpopexy?
Colpopexy is the surgical suturing of the prolapsed vagina to a surrounding structure - such as the abdominal wall or the sacrum, which is then called Sacral Colpopexy or Sacrocolpopexy
What Is Sacral Colpopexy (Sacrocolpopexy)?
Sacral Colpopexy, also referred to as also referred to as also referred to as also referred to as Sacrocolpopexy, is the preferred surgical procedure for treating and correcting Vaginal Vault Prolapse with excellent results. Sacral Colpopexy (Sacrocolpopexy) has a very high rate of success and the surgical procedure involves suturing a synthetic mesh that connects and supports the vagina to the sacrum, or tailbone. The Sacrocolpopexy operation is performed from the abdomen to support the vagina to the ligament on the spine (after previous or present surgery to remove the uterus) by using a synthetic mesh.
Why
Is Sacrocolpopexy Performed?
Sacrocolpopexy is performed to treat
severe protrusion or bulge(s) of the vagina after removal of the uterus.
A woman's vagina that has one or more of these vaginal protrusion(s) may
experience one or more of the following:
• The vaginal lump/bulge or protrusion feels uncomfortable or causes pain.
• Difficulty with urination (e.g. unable to completely empty the bladder)
• Bowel difficulties (e.g. constipation, incomplete emptying of bowels)
• Pain
• Infection
• Bleeding
The objective of the Sacrocolpopexy
operation is to relieve the woman's symptoms and to restore her vagina and her
vaginal anatomy (as much as possible) and recover her sexual function.
Are there any risks associated with Sacrocolpopexy
surgery?
Sacrocolpopexy surgery is a very
common and relatively safe operation with excellent prognosis and outcomes.
However, like any surgical procedure, there are complications which may occur.
Possible complications from Sacrocolpopexy
surgery may include:
• Bleeding
• Infection
• Injury to surrounding tissues (e.g. nerve or blood vessels, ureter,
intestines)
• Formation of blood clot(s) in the legs or lungs
• Recurrence of problem
• Slow return of bowel or bladder function
• Erosion of synthetic material through vaginal mucosa
What Happens Before Sacrocolpopexy
Surgery?
1. Blood tests, electrocardiography (ECG) and chest X-ray may be done to ensure
that you are in optimal health for Sacrocolpopexy
surgery.
2. Your doctor may prescribe oral or vaginal estrogen (hormone) if you are
already menopausal. It is important to comply with this medication as it ensures
that your vaginal tissues are optimal for surgery and healing.
3.
You will be admitted to the hospital one day before Sacrocolpopexy
surgery.
4. You will be given preparations to clear your bowels.
5.
Your pubic hair surrounding your vulva will be shaved.
6. You will not be allowed to eat or drink after midnight on the day before the
surgery.
7. All your medical and surgical conditions, if any, must be made known to the
doctor and must be optimally controlled.
8. If you are on aspirin, please keep your doctor informed. You must stop taking
aspirin at least one week before Sacrocolpopexy
surgery.
What happens during the Sacrocolpopexy
surgery?
The surgery is done under general or regional anesthesia. The anesthesiologist
will discuss with you the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.
An
abdominal incision is made. The synthetic mesh is stitched to the posterior
surface of the vagina and to the ligaments in front of the spine.
A tube / drain may be inserted into the abdomen to monitor the bleeding.
Another tube will be inserted into the urethra as there may be difficulty in
urination after the Sacrocolpopexy
procedure.
Painkillers, laxatives and antibiotics would generally be prescribed after the
procedure.
What happens after Sacrocolpopexy
surgery?
1.
Immediately after the operation, you may experience one or more of the
following:
• Tiredness - You should rest and gradually increase your mobilization until
you feel fit to return to your normal activities.
• Discomfort - In the lower part of the abdomen, over the incision. This is to
be expected and painkillers should help to relieve the discomfort.
• Vaginal bleeding - Mild to moderate amount of reddish watery discharge after
surgery is quite normal. You will need to wear a menstrual pad during the
recovery period, but you will not be permitted to use tampons for obvious
reasons.
2. One day after surgery, you will usually be allowed to drink and eat. You will
be encouraged to move around. Blood chemistries and normal follow-up visits will
be performed.
3. The catheter that was placed in your urethra is usually removed the day after surgery. The drain is usually removed two days after the operation.
4. You may be discharged on the third or fourth day after surgery if the doctor is pleased with your progress and the outcome of the Sacrocolpopexy procedure.
5.
You should refrain from:
• Strenuous exercise for 2 months. You may return to normal activity after
that, or upon clearance by your doctor.
• Using tampons, douching, sexual intercourse and driving for 4 weeks.
• Carrying heavy weights (> 10 pounds) for 6-8 weeks after Sacrocolpopexy
surgery.
6. You should (immediately) return to the hospital or notify your doctor if you
notic any of the following:
• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Foul smelling vaginal discharge
• Severe abdominal distension and / or pain not relieved by painkillers
• High fever
• Pain associated with passing urine
• Difficulty in passing urine
• Constipation
Follow-up doctor visits after Sacrocolpopexy
surgery
You will be examined by your doctor (at your doctor's office) at approximately;
2 weeks, 4 weeks, six months and and one year after Sacrocolpopexy
surgery.
It is important to keep your follow-up appointments to ensure the best possible results.
What
is "Colposuspension"
surgery?
Age and vaginal childbirth takes it toll on women's pelvic organs.
"Female Urinary Incontinence" is one of the problems most (over 50%) women who have delivered babies vaginally have to contend with. Women with Female Urinary Incontinence "leak" urine when they strain, cough, laugh or run. This condition is also called "stress urinary incontinence" meaning the stress of physical activity, not emotional stress is causing her to "leak" urine.
The problems associated with female urinary incontinence are corrected in the the "floor" of the woman's pelvis by several methods or types of surgeries - one of which is called Colposuspension.
A woman's pelvic floor is a sheet of special muscles and ligaments that stretch across the inside of the female pelvis. Women can feel it "tighten" when they try to hold back the flow of urine - or when they strain, cough, laugh or run. The uterus and bladder are located above the pelvic floor. The vagina and the opening of the bladder (the urethra) pass through the pelvic floor. If the pelvic floor weakens, the uterus and bladder "drop" down. The control of the urine is thereby weakened.
Colposuspension surgery strengthens the pelvic floor to lift, or "suspend" the uterus and bladder back up to their correct position within the woman's pelvis
Colposuspension comes from the Greek word for vagina - "colpos."
What is "Urethropexy"?
Urethropexy is a surgical procedure
where the support of a woman's urethra is re-supported through sutures that
surround the urethra's pelvic floor and vaginal tissues to her pubic bone.
What is the Vaginal Vault?
What
is a Vaginal Vault Prolapse?
The vaginal vault is the area at the top of the vagina, next to and adjacent to the cervix. It can only “fall” or descend downwards toward the
introitus, or the entrance of the vagina, after a woman's womb has been removed (hysterectomy).
Vaginal Vault Prolapse occurs in about 15% of women who have had a hysterectomy for uterine
prolapse, and in about 1% of women who have had a hysterectomy for other reasons.
What is Vaginal
Vault Suspension?
Vaginal Vault Suspension is a surgical procedure that provides support for the apex/vault of the vagina to various pelvic structures.
What
Everyone Needs to Know About Reconstructive
Pelvic Surgery.
Reconstructive pelvic surgery is an area of surgery dealing with a woman's pelvis, and includes gynecology and uro-gynecology. Pelvic reconstructive surgery is many times very complex surgery that may require not just the removal of certain organs or tissues in a woman's pelvis, but may also include the resection of areas and putting her organs and tissues back together in a way that makes her more functional, with less/no pain and feels better.
What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
Pelvic inflammatory disease, or "PID" is an infection of a woman's pelvic organs which include the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
Bacteria
causes pelvic inflammatory
disease. Bacteria can move upward, from a woman's vagina or cervix - which
is the opening to the uterus, or womb - into her fallopian tubes, ovaries and
uterus, which then cause an infection. Many types of bacteria can cause pelvic
inflammatory disease.
But bacteria found in two common sexually transmitted diseases - chlamydia and
gonorrhea - are the most frequent causes of pelvic inflammatory
disease.
After a woman becomes infected, it can take from a few days to a few months to
develop pelvic inflammatory disease.
The major symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease are lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge.
Other symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease may include one or more of the following; fever, pain in the right upper abdomen, pain during vaginal intercourse, and irregular menstrual bleeding.
Pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly when caused by chlamydia, may produce only minor symptoms or no symptoms at all, even though it can seriously damage the reproductive organs.
Untreated,
pelvic inflammatory
disease causes scarring and can lead to infertility, tubal
pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and other serious problems.
Pelvic inflammatory
disease is more common and more aggressive in HIV+ women
than in uninfected women. Pelvic inflammatory
disease may become a chronic and
relapsing condition as a woman's immune system deteriorates.
Women can play an active role in protecting themselves from pelvic inflammatory
disease disease by following these steps and precautions:
* Call your doctor if you have discharge with odor or bleeding between
cycles.
* Use either male or female condoms during sex.
What is Pelvic
Floor Dysfunction?
Pelvic floor dysfunction,
which is also referred to as outlet obstruction or outlet delay, refers to a
condition in which the pelvic floor muscles of a woman's lower pelvis - that
surround the rectum, do not function normally. It is not known why these muscles
fail to work properly in some women, but they can make the passage of stools
difficult even when everything else seemingly is normal.
What Causes Pelvic
Floor Dysfunction?
Women with pelvic floor
dysfunction find that muscle pain occurs when muscles are tense, strained,
traumatized and/or otherwise inflamed. Their pelvic muscles are no exception.
Causes of pelvic floor dysfunction can include:
* Chronic faulty posture with weak core musculature
* Trauma (fall on tailbone, old tailbone fracture, auto accident)
* Inflammation or infection
* Pelvic organ disease (endometriosis, irritable bowel syndrome,
interstitial cystitis)
* Repetitive motion injuries such as those from gymnastics, volleyball,
soccer, ballet or ice
skating
* Abdominal muscle wall weakness or hernias
* Chronic constipation
* Pregnancy or complicated vaginal delivery
* Abdominal or pelvic surgery such as a hysterectomy
Do I have Pelvic
Floor Dysfunction?
Women with pelvic floor
dysfunction often have changes in their spine and/or pelvis. Symptoms
or conditional might include; scoliosis, short leg, swayback or a "torsioned"
sacrum. The most common symptoms of pelvic
floor dysfunction
include one or more of the following:
* Vaginal pain
* Pain with urination
* Urinary urgency and frequency
* Rectal pain
* Pain during vaginal intercourse
* Pain with sitting, standing, walking
* Pain and/or difficulty getting up from a seated or lying down position
* Hip pain often with loss of range of motion in hips
* Deep pain in lower back radiating to legs, thighs, groin, hips
* Abdominal and lower abdominal/intestinal pain
* Pelvic pressure or a feeling like your vagina or uterus are
"falling out."
* Involuntary loss of urine or stool
What are Pelvic Adhesions?
Pelvic
adhesions are the cause of many gynecological problems including significant
pain, infertility and conception. Pelvic
adhesions are irritations of a woman's pelvic organs as a result of a
"pelvic inflammatory event" or from trauma to the area such as in the
case of pelvic or gynecological surgery.
Examples of a pelvic inflammatory event include; fallopian tube infections that
might occur from endometriosis, removal of an ovarian cyst, sexually transmitted
diseases such as gonorrhea, post surgery infections, and even appendicitis and
appendectomies.
As a woman's body's pelvic area recovers from an inflammation, trauma or surgery, it begins the healing process and starts to repair itself. The woman's body and its' healing process may cause some tissues and structures in the pelvis to become unintentionally "stuck" to another tissue or structure. In a normal woman's healthy pelvis, this space is lined with a tissue called the peritoneum, which also covers the outside of organs located in the abdomen and pelvis. In the pelvis of a non-injured/non-irritated woman, the peritoneum can be very "slippery" with the the organs and structures lying immediately next to each other that "slip" off each other and do not become bonded together. With a woman who has had a pelvic inflammation, trauma or injury, her body's healing process starts a sequence of events that may result in some of the pelvic tissues becoming "stuck" to or "adhering" to tissues or organs next to the inflamed, or injured tissue, and when this occurs, the outcome may be pelvic adhesions.
What is Menorrhagia?
Menorrhagia is the medical term for women (and young girls first starting their menstrual cycles) that excessive menstrual bleeding. Excessive menstrual bleeding is defined as having a period that lasts 7 or more days each menstrual cycle (period) or is so heavy that you saturate your menstrual pad and/or tampon and need to change your feminine hygiene product(s) every one to two hours. It is very important to inform your doctor if you have excessive menstrual bleeding!
Women
that are suffering from Menorrhagia
may experience; anemia, fatigue, embarrassing
menstrual accidents, and feel that you have to restrict your life and social
activities to such an extent that you "miss out on life." Many
women prefer to stay close to home so as to avoid embarrassment due to their
need to go to the restroom so often so that they can change their feminine hygiene
products before they become too saturated and cause even more embarrassment.
How many
women have Menorrhagia?
Approximately 1 in 5 women have Menorrhagia.
Are
there any treatments or therapies for Menorrhagia?
Yes, there's hope and help for women with Menorrhagia!
Here are a few of the options and therapies you will want to discuss with your doctor.
Hormone therapy - also known as "both control pills," and/or other medications may be prescribed to treat hormone imbalance. Hormone therapy is effective about 50% of the time, and may be required for a long period of time.
Uterine
Balloon Therapy - Also known as Thermal Balloon
Ablation) (see below for more
information)
Dilation and curettage - also
referred to as a "D & C" - is a surgical procedure whereby the
doctor scrape the inside of the woman's uterus to remove the lining. For most women with
Menorrhagia, a D&C is temporary and reduces excessive bleeding for only a
few periods.
Endometrial Ablation is another possible therapy but only if you and your
husband don't plan to have children in the future. Typical
Endometrial Ablation removes the lining of the uterus with an electrosurgical tool or laser.
Like any surgical procedure, there are risks, which include perforation of the uterus, bleeding, infection, or even heart failure due to fluids used to open up or distend the uterus.
Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the
uterus. As a hysterectomy involves the removal of the woman's uterus, Menorrhagia
will no longer be a problem. Hysterectomy is also a surgical procedure and also
involves risks. The recovery period after hysterectomy is 3 to 6 weeks.
Uterine
Balloon Therapy
www.UterineBalloonTherapy.com
|
Uterine Balloon Therapy involves inserting a balloon catheter through the vagina, then through the cervix and into the uterus. The balloon is then filled with sterile liquid so that it expands and fills the contours of the patient's uterus. The liquid inside the balloon is then heated and maintained at 87°C for 8 minutes which scalds the endometrial lining. After 8 minutes, the liquid in the balloon is then withdrawn and the balloon catheter is deflated and removed back out of the uterus and vagina. The lining of the uterus (endometrium) will gradually shed away (through the vagina - like a period) over a 2 to 3 week period. The woman will experience a vaginal, bloodstained discharge over this 2-3 week period. Almost all patients are discharged the same day after the Uterine Balloon Therapy procedure and may experience uterine cramps - very similar to menstrual cramps, for a few hours to 1-2 days at most. Uterine
Balloon Therapy? The overall success rate for women that undergo Uterine Balloon Therapy is around 80% and significantly reduces menstrual bleeding for these women. However, Uterine Balloon Therapy is not a suitable therapy for patients with submucous fibroids or patients with large and irregular uterine cavities. In
addition, this procedure is NOT for patients who have
not completed their family planning and intend to have children as
becoming pregnant after Uterine
Balloon Therapy can be life-threatening. Additionally, there is no effect on a woman's hormonal functioning and she will not require hormone replacement therapy unlike in the case of a hysterectomy with removal of ovaries. Finally, most women find that Uterine Balloon Therapy is their preferred treatment for menorrhagia as they get to keep their uterus, as opposed to a hysterectomy, which removes the uterus and may lead to other complications in the future, including Pelvic Organ Prolapse.
|
What is Perineoplasty?
Perineoplasty, also known as "Perineorrhaphy,"is one of the fastest growing elective medical procedures and is the reparative or plastic surgery of the perineum which helps women with problems with vaginal opening laxity or looseness - medically referred to as "Vaginal Relaxation." Many also incorrectly call this procedure "vaginoplasty" or "vaginaplasty."
Perineorrhaphy is the reconstruction of the muscles and tissues at the opening of the vagina and has successfully decreased the "introitus" or size of the vaginal opening. Perineorrhaphy does NOT reduce sexual sensation, in fact, properly performed, Perineorrhaphy INCREASES sensation for the woman as well as her husband/partner.
What is
Colporrhaphy?
Colporrhaphy is the surgical repair of the vaginal wall. This includes repairing many types of vaginal surgery, including the repairs of the vagina in a
"Pelvic
Organ Prolapse," "vaginal prolapse,"
"Vaginal
Vault Prolapse," or the repair of a
"cystocele" in the vaginal wall(s) or vaginal vault or a rectocele. A cystocele occurs when the bladder protrudes into the vagina, and a rectocele when the rectum protrudes into the vagina.
In the Colporrhaphy procudeure, a
uro-gynecologist, or gynecological surgeon, places a vaginal speculum inside the vagina, which spreads/keeps the vagina open, for the doctor to inspect and repair the vagina. The vaginal wall is cut opened to reveal an opening in the supporting structures, or fascia and the defect is closed and then the vagina is repaired by suture and closed, and the speculum removed.
Who performs the Colporrhaphy and where is it performed?
Colporrhaphy is usually performed in a nearby hospital operating room by a
uro-gynecologist, urologist or gynecological surgeon.
Facts About Female Sexual Dysfunction
* 43% of all women (and therefore, their husbands/partners as well)
are
suffering from various
types of Female Sexual
Dysfunction, also called
"Female Sexual
Problems."
* 50% more women than men, are suffering from Erectile Dysfunction,
which
is referred to
as "Female Erectile
Dysfunction."
* Many people fail to recognize that unless a woman's clitoris is
fully erect,
that she is incapable
of reaching an orgasm.
Ladies, is your loose vagina causing you embarrassment or have you lost the joy of intimacy?
If one or more vaginal childbirths have caused your vagina to become loose, and "not tight", he has probably noticed as well. You can once again, have the "tight vagina" of your youth!
What you, and he are experiencing, is something called "Vaginal Relaxation," the medical jargon for "loose vagina."
Did you know that over 30 million American women and their husbands are suffering loss of joy and intimacy due to "Vaginal Relaxation?"
Have you or your husband noticed that the thrill of intimacy you and he used to enjoy has been diminished due to the loss of your vagina's tightness?
Stop
the Suffering!
Our Board Certified Physicians have
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Intimacy Problems Related to
Vaginal Relaxation!
Our doctors can treat and cure your (or your wife's)
"Vaginal Relaxation"
Problems!
Did you know that about 35 million to 40 million American women – and their husbands and partners - are suffering from “Vaginal Relaxation.”?
“Vaginal
Relaxation” is often referred to as a “loose vagina” wherein the
vagina is not as tight as it once was, whether due to vaginal childbirth, age,
or other vaginal trauma. The vagina has become relaxed, or loose, and now it has
become a problem for the woman, as well as her husband/partner.
Some
women, as another symptom of Vaginal
Relaxation, have problems controlling their urine in certain situations or
notice changes in their bowel habits. These symptoms of Vaginal
Relaxation are typically related to one or more problems that occur as a
result of vaginal childbirth, other vaginal trauma, aging or a combination of
the above.
There is hope! Women, and their husbands/partners, no longer need to suffer from Vaginal Relaxation. More and more doctors are treating women and couples suffering from Vaginal Relaxation with treatments – sometimes including surgery – that will help them return to a life without the embarrassment, disappointments and heartache of the symptoms and discomforts associated with Vaginal Relaxation.
What is "Nerve Stimulation" and how does
Nerve Stimulation help
patients?
There are various types of nerve stimulation, each with its own protocols for treating various ailments and conditions.
One type of nerve
stimulation is for treating people with moderate to severe depression.
Depression can be a very serious and life-threatening condition that may require
life-long management and treatment. Treating depression may sometimes have
a lower than hoped for success rate and estimates indicate that more than half
of all patients with depression have relapses. Anti-depressant drugs and
medication may lessen symptoms but may not relieve all of the symptoms in some
patients.
Seizures also do not always respond to treatment. Some patients have tried two
or more medications and still have seizures, as well as side effects from the
drugs, both of which affect their quality of life.
Vagus nerve stimulators are a
small medial device that are implanted under the skin of the chest. A very
small wire runs to the patient's vagus nerve, which is then stimulated by the
device, in the same manner a pacemaker works. In general, patients with
depression normally experience an improvement in alertness, energy. memory,
their depression improves as a result. better mood. These quality-of-life
benefits improve over time.
Vagus nerve stimulators, in general, have proven to be a safe and effective way to control seizures and lessen the severity of depression. Because Vagus nerve stimulators are used, drugs are usually not required, and there are no side effects that are associated with anti-depressant or seizure-control medications.
See: www.DepressionHelp.net for more information about depression.
Links to Other Sites of Interest Include:
www.FemaleSexualArousalDisorder.com
www.FemaleSexualDysfunction.net
www.HypoactiveSexualDesireDisorder.com
www.Inipads.com
The
Best Tampon Alternative and Best
Feminine
www.ObstetricsAndGynecology.net
What is Perineoplasty?
Perineoplasty, also known as "Perineorrhaphy,"is one of the fastest growing elective medical procedures and is the reparative or plastic surgery of the perineum which helps women with problems with vaginal opening laxity or looseness - medically referred to as "Vaginal Relaxation." Many also incorrectly call this procedure "vaginoplasty" or "vaginaplasty."
Perineorrhaphy is the reconstruction of the muscles and tissues at the opening of the vagina and has successfully decreased the "introitus" or size of the vaginal opening. Perineorrhaphy does NOT reduce sexual sensation, in fact, properly performed, Perineorrhaphy INCREASES sensation for the woman as well as her husband/partner.
What is Vaginal
Dryness?
Vaginal dryness is one of the most distressing, and painful problems a woman faces. Vaginal dryness occurs when the natural vagina secretions decreases within the vagina. The amount of vaginal moisture varies throughout a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. Vaginal dryness is particularly problematical as a woman enters and becomes menopausal.
Vaginal moisturizers, provided by numerous companies, and a variety of brand names, are products designed to relieve the pain and discomfort of vaginal dryness. These products are applied or inserted, into the vagina, one or more times per day, depending on the amount of vaginal dryness she may be experiencing.
A vaginal moisturizer may or may not be a vaginal lubricant. Vaginal lubricants are normally used as an aid for intercourse and used on a short-term basis to help a woman that is not able to produce enough vaginal moisture to permit her to comfortably (and painlessly) engage in intercourse.
A menstruating woman's vaginal moisture changes from day to day, and varies depending upon her hormones that control the production of vaginal moisture. A woman can experience vaginal dryness even during times of menstrual bleeding, especially when using tampons, as tampons can remove the natural moisture her vagina produces which can cause irritation and pain.
What is Female Sexual Arousal Disorder?
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder or simply "FSAD" occurs when a woman is unable to attain and maintain a full and complete erection of her clitoris along with sufficient vaginal lubrication during intercourse to be able to reach an orgasm.
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder may also be diagnosed when the woman has no desire for sexual intercourse.
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder affects up to 43 percent of all women, or an estimated 90 million women. Most women (more than 1/2) with FSAD are postmenopausal. Some women with Female Sexual Arousal Disorder describe the condition as being "unable to get turned on," or being continually disinterested in sex. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder has also been called "frigidity." Other symptoms of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder may include dyspareunia and vaginismus, both of which involve pain during intercourse.
The woman and her husband/partner should both be seen as this is a "couple's problem" that is typically best resolved with both partners in treatment. Their doctor will also insure that this is not the result of another psychological disorder which could be a primary problem.
If the husband/ partner of a patient with suspected Female Sexual Arousal Disorder feels that this is a problem within the relationship, that concern should be sufficient for the individual to seek psychological consultation.
What is Female
Erectile Dysfunction?
Female Erectile Dysfunction occurs when a woman is unable to attain, and maintain a complete erection of her clitoris through orgasm.
If the husband/partner of a patient with suspected Female Erectile Dysfunction feels that this is a problem within the relationship, his concern should be sufficient for the individual to seek psychological consultation.
What Are Female
Sexual Problems?
Female Sexual Problems are also referred to as "Female Sexual Dysfunction." A woman may have one or more Female Sexual Problems that we are just now learning that may be related to a number of factors.
Typically, Female Sexual Problems are labeled generically as "Female Sexual Dysfunction" until such time as her doctor or therapist may be able to make a proper diagnosis.
Female Sexual Problems may be a cause of significant distress to both her and her husband.
If the husband/partner of a patient with suspected Female Sexual Problems feels that this is a problem within the relationship, his concern should be sufficient for the individual to seek psychological consultation.
What is Female
Orgasmic Disorder?
Female Orgasmic Disorder is
defined as a sexual dysfunction that is characterized by a persistent or
recurrent delay or absence of orgasm following the excitement phase of the
female sexual response cycle, causing significant distress or interpersonal
problems, and not being attributable to a drug or a general medical condition.
Female Orgasmic Disorder is directly related with the woman's inability to attain and maintain a fully-erect clitoris.
Without a full
erection of the clitoris, a woman cannot reach an orgasm.
What is Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder?
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder or "HSDD" has been defined as a deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder is considered a disorder if it causes distress for the woman or husband. The woman and her husband should both be seen as this is a "couple's problem" that is typically best resolved with both partners in treatment. Their doctor will also insure that this is not the result of another psychological disorder which could be a primary problem.
If the husband/partner of a patient with suspected Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder feels that this is a problem within the relationship, his concern should be sufficient for the individual to seek psychological consultation.
Menopause is a normal change in a woman's life when her period stops. That's why some people call menopause "the change of life" or "the change." During menopause a woman's body slowly produces less of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This often happens between the ages of 45 and 55 years old. A woman has reached menopause when she has not had a period for 12 months in a row.
|
How do hormones help with menopause? Reduce hot flashes Treat vaginal dryness Slow bone loss Who should not take hormone therapy for menopause? Women who... Think they are pregnant Have problems with vaginal bleeding Have had certain kinds of cancers Have had a stroke or heart attack in the past year Have had blood clots Have liver disease |
Hormone therapy for menopause has also been called hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Lower hormone levels in menopause may lead to hot flashes, vaginal dryness and thin bones. To help with these problems, women are often given estrogen or estrogen with progestin (another hormone). Like all medicines, hormone therapy has risks and benefits. Talk to your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist about hormones. If you decide to use hormones, use them at the lowest dose that helps. Also use them for the shortest time that you need them.
Every woman's period will stop at menopause. Some women may not have any other symptoms at all.
As women begin reaching the age of 40, their bodies are preparing for menopause, or the stopping of their monthly menstrual periods. Menopause never happens all at once. As young ladies approach their first period and monthly menstruation, her body's hormones are "transitioning" to producing hormones levels that will support monthly menstruation for about the the next 35 years. Similarly, as women reach their 40's, their bodies' hormone levels begin to change, and in preparation of menopause.
Women will know they are approaching menopause, as they will notice the following symptoms:
Changes in your period - time between periods or flow may be different.
Hot flashes ("hot flushes") - getting warm in the face, neck and chest.
Night sweats and sleeping problems that lead to feeling tired, stressed or tense.
Vaginal changes - the vagina may become dry and thin, and sex may be painful.
Thinning of your bones, which may lead to loss of height and bone breaks (osteoporosis).
For some women, many of these changes will go away over time without treatment.
Some women will choose treatment for their symptoms and to prevent bone loss. If you choose treatment, estrogen alone or estrogen with progestin (for a woman who still has her uterus or womb) can be used.
Hormone therapy is the most effective FDA approved medicine for relief of hot flashes, night sweats or vaginal dryness.
Hormones may reduce your chances of getting thin, weak bones (osteoporosis) which break easily.
For some women, hormone therapy may increase their chances of getting blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, and gall bladder disease. For a woman with a uterus, estrogen increases her chance of getting endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterine lining). Adding progestin lowers this risk.
You can, but there are also other medicines and things you can do to help your bones.
No, do not use hormone therapy to prevent heart attacks or strokes.
No, do not use hormone therapy to prevent memory loss or Alzheimer's disease.
Studies have not shown that hormone therapy prevents aging and wrinkles or increases sex drive.
You should talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. Again, hormones should be used at the lowest dose that helps and for the shortest time. (For example, check if you still need them every 3-6 months.)
The risks and benefits may be the same for all hormone products for menopause, such as pills, patches, vaginal creams, gels and rings.
At this time, we do not know if herbs or other "natural" products are helpful or safe. Studies are being done to learn about the benefits and risks.
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www.FemaleSexualDysfunction.net
www.HypoactiveSexualDesireDisorder.com
www.Inipads.com
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Vaginal Dryness
www.VaginalDryness.net
What is Vaginal Dryness?
Vaginal dryness is one of the most distressing, and painful problems a woman faces. Vaginal dryness occurs when the natural vagina secretions decreases within the vagina. The amount of vaginal moisture varies throughout a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. Vaginal dryness is particularly problematical as a woman enters and becomes menopausal.
Vaginal moisturizers, provided by numerous companies, and a variety of brand names, are products designed to relieve the pain and discomfort of vaginal dryness. These products are applied or inserted, into the vagina, one or more times per day, depending on the amount of vaginal dryness she may be experiencing.
A vaginal moisturizer may or may not be a vaginal lubricant. Vaginal lubricants are normally used as an aid for intercourse and used on a short-term basis to help a woman that is not able to produce enough vaginal moisture to permit her to comfortably (and painlessly) engage in intercourse.
A menstruating woman's
vaginal moisture changes from day to day, and varies depending upon her hormones
that control the production of vaginal moisture. A woman can experience
vaginal dryness even during times of menstrual bleeding.
Vaginal
Odor
www.VaginalOdor.net
I have a Vaginal Odor ( VO) problem, what do I do?
All menstruating women's vaginas go through monthly changes wherein their vagina's smell or scent changes from one day to the next, and throughout her monthly menstrual cycle. The amount of vaginal secretions, cervical mucous and vaginal moisture, changes from one day to the next, and throughout the monthly menstrual cycle. This is due to the flow of hormones that produce these changes throughout her cycle and also the reason for her monthly menstruation, if she has not conceived.
Vaginal odor problems can be related to many things related to her menstrual hygiene, vaginal hygiene, and/or feminine hygiene, but may also be an indication of a medical condition that may need immediate treatment.
Here are some of the signs and symptoms related and possible causes of V.O. (vaginal odor):
Vaginal odor
may be the result of an inflammation of her vagina. The vaginal
inflammation is often a result of infection in or around the vagina or vulva,
called the vulvovaginal area. Sometimes this condition is referred to as
vulvovaginitis.
Causes of Vaginal Odor
Bacterial Vaginosis
Chlamydia
Genital Herpes
Gonorrhea
Lymphogranuloma Venereum ("LGV")
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ("PID")
Sexually Transmitted Infection(s)
Syphilis
Trichomonas
Vaginal Yeast Infection (candida)
Vulvovaginitis
Bacterial Vaginosis leads to vaginal odor, what causes it?
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a type of vulvovaginitis. Bacterial Vaginosis occurs
due to an overgrowth of one or more organisms that are normally present in
your/your wife's vagina.
Many times, when a woman begins taking antibiotics, these antibiotics kill off
the natural organisms in her vagina. This may cause some organisms in her
vagina to multiply, and these organisms produce chemicals that cause a fish-like
odor characteristic of BV. Vaginal odor may be more acute, and stronger after
sexual intercourse.
Many
times, while a woman may believe that vaginal douching prevents or helps prevent
vaginal odor, especially after menstruation, douching actually disrupts the
normal flora, or naturally occurring organisms that normally live in the vagina.
Vaginal douching, therefore, may actually increase the risk of vaginal
infection.
Signs and symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis include(s):
* Grayish-white vaginal discharge
* Vaginal itching or irritation
* Vulva/labial redness, irritation, swelling and redness
Treating Bacterial Vaginosis is normally started after a visit to the ob-gyn who
may prescribe medication(s) - usually antibiotics.
Other causes of vaginal odor include the following:
Poor vaginal, menstrual or feminine hygiene methods.
Not changing tampons, or menstrual pads frequently enough.
"Losing"
or forgetting a tampon in the vagina, which may lead to a vaginal infection.
Rarely, an advanced tumor of the cervix or vagina will cause a vaginal odor
problem.
Vaginal Hygiene is an area that focuses its studies, resources, and recommended products on proper Vaginal Hygiene, and overcoming Vaginal Hygiene problems. Whether you are concerned about menstruation, whether you should consider douching, vaginal odors, vaginal dryness, menstrual odors during menstruation, or general feminine hygiene information, this site is for you.
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